Journal: Journal of Functional Biomaterials

Article Title: Regeneration of Critical Calvarial Bone Defects Using Bovine Xenograft, Magnesium-Enriched Bovine Xenograft and Autologous Dentin in Rats: Micro-CT, Gene Expression and Immunohistochemical Analysis

doi: 10.3390/jfb15090270

Figure Lengend Snippet: SMAD-1/5/8 immunohistochemical staining of coronal sections of calvarial bone defects for the following groups: BX—bovine xenograft ( A – D ); BX + MG—bovine xenograft and magnesium ( E – H ); AD—autologous dentin ( I – L ); and control group ( M – P ) on the 7th, 15th, 21st and 30th day. Legend of abbreviations: BM—biomaterial; NB—new bone formation; BV—blood vessel. Triangles (▲) indicate osteoblasts and osteocytes in lacunae, asterisks (★) indicate immunopositive multinucleated cells, and arrows (↑) indicate sites of bone bridging and apposition. On the right side of the immunohistochemistry slides, there are diagrams showing the immunohistochemical staining for each biomaterial broken down by day, on days 7, 15, 21 and 30 of healing.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies listed below were used for the immunohistochemical analyzes: BMP-2/4 (sc-137087 SCBT, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA, SAD), 1:200; VEGF (ab 231260 abcam, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), 1:200; SMAD-1/5/8 (#95115 CST, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, SAD), 1:100.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Control, Immunohistochemistry